Table 7.8 is taken from the 1991 General Social Survey. Subjects were asked whether methods of birth control should be available to teenagers between the ages of 14 and 16, and how often they attend religious services.

a. Fit the independence model, and use residuals to describe lack of fit.

b. Using equally spaced scores, fit the linear-by-linear association model. Describe the association. Test goodness of fit, test independence in a way that uses the ordinality, and interpret.

c. Repeat

(b) using row and column scores that reflect your perceived distances between categories. Are the results substantively any different?

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Table 7.8 Teenage Birth Control Religious Strongly Attendance Disagree Disagree Agree Strongly Agree Never 49 49 19 9 Less than once a year 31 27 11 11 Once or twice a year 46 55 25 8 Several times a year 34 37 19 7 About once a month 21 22 14 16 2-3 times a month 26 36 16 16 Nearly every week 8 16 15 11 Every week 32 65 57 61 Several times a week 4 17 16 20 Source: 1991 General Social Survey.