In 2011, Charlie paid \($2.8\) million cash to Venice Corporation to acquire some of its common stock, which is qualified small business stock. In 2023, he sells the stock for \($11.2\) million.

a. How much gain must Charlie include in his 2023 gross income?

b. Suppose Charlie acquired the Venice stock in 2019. How much gain must he include in his 2023 gross income?

c. Can Charlie avoid recognizing gain by purchasing replacement stock?

d. Suppose Charlie paid \($900,000\) cash in 2011 to acquire the Venice stock. How much gain must he include in his 2023 gross income?