Table 14.2 reveals significant earnings differences by gender and race at each level of education. What nondiscriminatory factors might explain part of the earnings differences between females and males? Between African-Americans and whites? Do you think that nondiscriminatory factors explain all the earnings differences in the table?

Table 14.2

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African- African- American American White Male White Female Male Female No High School Diploma $ 35,647 High School Diploma Associate Degree Bachelor's Degree Master's Degree Doctoral Degree Professional Degree Total $ 45,940 $ 59,014 $ 83,226 $ 111,913 $144,532 $198,025 $ 67,255 $ 24,689 $ 36,236 $ 42,948 $ 58,296 $ 70,150 $ 95,268 $118,413 $ 49,254 $ 40,703 $ 37,864 $ 50, 112 $ 63,540 $ 85,102 $128,965 $22,432 $30,450 $ 37,597 $49,882 $ 60,876 $ 51,611 $39,966