Which of the following is an example of rational rather than adaptive expectations?

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a. The crowd expects a 95 percent free-throw shooter to sink the free throw to win the state basketball championship.

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b. A professor has been 10 minutes late to class three times in a row. Students come to the fourth class 10 minutes late.

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c. The fans of a pro football team that had four wins, ten losses, and one tie last year find another team to root for this year.

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d. Stockholders of a firm that had losses three years in a row sell off their stocks.

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e. A company with a poor earnings record over the past five years finds itself swamped by investors when word of its new superproduct leaks out.