Study each of the following case. Answer the questions that follow with Yes or No.

The Chalmers family lived in poverty. Despite their destitute condition, Mrs. Chalmers bought several articles of jewelry for herself and an expensive painting for their home. When the retailer attempted to collect payment, Mr. Chalmers refused to pay. The merchant claimed that Mrs. Chalmers was acting as an agent for Mr. Chalmers.
a. Is this an example of agency by necessity?
b. Is this an example of agency by ratification?
c. Will the retailer succeed in collecting from Mr. Chalmers?
d. Does the law recognize agency by necessity when a spouse makes essential purchases?