23. Cialdini, Reno, and Kallgren (1990) examined how people conform to norms concerning littering. The researchers wanted to determine whether a person’s tendency to litter depended on the amount of litter already in the area. People were handed a handbill as they entered an amusement park. The entrance area had already been prepared with either no litter, a small amount of litter, or a lot of litter lying on the ground.

The people were observed to determine whether they dropped their handbills. The frequency data are as follows:

Amount of Litter Small Large None Amount Amount Littering 17 28 49 Not Littering 73 62 41

a. Do the data indicate that people’s tendency to litter depends on the amount of litter already on the ground? That is, is there a significant relationship between littering and the amount of existing litter?

Test at the .05 level of significance.

b. Compute Cramér’s V to measure the size of the treatment effect.