A1. For each of the following situations, indicate whether ANOVA is appropriate; if not appropriate, the reason why not; and, if appropriate, the type of ANOVA that would be used (i.e., one-way, repeated measures, etc.):

(a) The independent variable (IV) is age group—people in their 60s, 70s, and 80s; the dependent variable (DV) is health-related hardiness, as measured on a 20-item scale.

(b) The IVs are ethnicity (white, African American, Hispanic, Asian) and birthweight status ( 2,500 grams versus 2,500 grams); the DV is serum bilirubin levels.

(c) The IV is maternal breastfeeding status (breastfeeds versus does not breastfeed); the DV is maternal bonding with infant, as measured on a 10-item self-report scale.

(d) The IV is exposure to a special intervention (before versus after exposure); the DV is myocardial oxygen consumption.

(e) The IV is length of gestation (preterm versus term versus postterm birth); the DV is epidural anesthesia during labor (yes versus no).

(f) The IV is time since diagnosis of multiple sclerosis

(1 month versus 6 months versus 2 years); the DV is psychological adaptation to the disease, as measure by the Purpose-in-Life test.