Ackerman and Goldsmith (2011) report that students who study from a screen (phone, tablet, or computer) tended to have lower quiz scores than students who studied the same material from printed pages.

To test this finding, a professor identifies a sample of n 5 16 students who used the electronic version of the course textbook and determines that this sample had an average score of M 5 72.5 on the final exam. During the previous three years, the final exam scores for the general population of students taking the course averaged m 5 77 with a standard deviation of s 5 8 and formed a roughly normal distribution. The professor would like to use the sample to determine whether students studying from an electronic screen had exam scores that are significantly different from those for the general population.

a. Assuming a two-tailed test, state the null hypothesis in a sentence that includes the two variables being examined.

b. Using the standard four-step procedure, conduct a two-tailed hypothesis test with a 5 .05 to evaluate the effect of studying from an electronic screen.