In a study of racism, Nail, Harton, and Decker (2003) had participants read a scenario in which a police officer assaulted a motorist. Half the participants read about an African American officer who assaulted a European American motorist, and half read about a European American officer who assaulted an African American motorist. Participants were categorized based on political orientation: liberal, moderate, or conservative. Participants were told that the officer was acquitted of assault charges in state court but was found guilty of violating the motorist’s rights in federal court. Double jeopardy occurs when an individual is tried twice for the same crime. Participants were asked to rate, on a scale of 1–7, the degree to which the officer had been placed in double jeopardy by the second trial. The researchers reported the interaction as F(2, 58) = 10.93, p < 0.0001. The means for the liberal participants were 3.18 for those who read about the African American officer and 1.91 for those who read about the European American officer. The means for the moderate participants were 3.50 for those who read about the African American officer and 3.33 for those who read about the European American officer. The means for the conservative participants were 1.25 for those who read about the African American officer and 4.62 for those who read about the European American officer.

a. Draw a table of cell means that includes the actual means for this study.

b. Do the reported statistics indicate that there is a significant interaction? If yes, describe the interaction in your own words.

c. Draw a bar graph that depicts the interaction. Include lines that connect the tops of the bars and show the pattern of the interaction.

d. Is this a quantitative or qualitative interaction? Explain.

e. Change the cell mean for the conservative participants who read about an African American officer so that this is now a quantitative interaction.

f. Draw a bar graph that depicts the pattern that includes the new cell means.

g. Change the cell means for the moderate and conservative participants who read about an African American officer so that there is now no interaction.

h. Draw a bar graph that depicts the pattern that includes the new cell means.