Researchers asked 180 U.S. students to identify their political viewpoint as most similar to that of the Republicans, most similar to that of the Democrats, or neither. All three groups then completed a religiosity scale. The researchers wondered whether political orientation affected levels of religiosity, a measure that assesses how religious one is, regardless of the specific religion with which a person identifies.

a. What is the independent variable, and what are its levels?

b. What is the dependent variable?

c. What are the populations and what are the samples?

d. Would you use a between-groups or within-groups ANOVA? Explain.

e. Using this example, explain how you would calculate the F statistic.