Live Nation operates music venues, provides management services to music artists, ti | comect and promotes more than 22,000 live music events annually. The company merged with Ticketmaster and acquired concert and festival promoters in the United States, Australia, LO1, LO2, LO3 and Great Britain. How has the company used horizontal mergers and acquisitions to strengthen its competitive position? Are these moves primarily offensive or defensive?

Has either Live Nation or Ticketmaster achieved any type of advantage based on the timing of its strategic moves?