Which of the following best characterizes the nature of crisis management planning?

a. Good managers should be able to anticipate the specific crisis scenarios their companies might encounter and therefore should be able to plan for every crisis in a specific way.

b. Faced with everything from terrorism to technological disasters, there’s no way for managers to anticipate which crisis might hit any given business, so it’s a waste of time to plan a response.

c. Although you can’t anticipate the nature and circumstance of every possible crisis, you can prepare by deciding how to handle such issues as communication with employees and the public.

d. Only negatively focused managers worry about crisis planning; positive managers keep their organizations moving toward company goals.