How does the tax benefit rule apply in the following cases? 

a. In 2017, the Orange Furniture Store, an accrual method taxpayer, sold furniture on credit for $1,000 to Sammy. Orange’s cost of the furniture was $600. In 2018, Orange took a bad debt deduction for the $1,000 because Sammy would not pay his bill. In 2019, Sammy inherited some money and paid Orange the $1,000 he owed. Orange was in the 35% marginal tax bracket in 2017, the 12% marginal tax bracket in 2018, and the 35% marginal tax bracket in 2019. 

b. In 2018, Barb, a cash basis taxpayer, was in an accident and incurred $8,000 in medical expenses, which she claimed as an itemized deduction for medical expenses. Because of a limitation, though, the expense reduced her taxable income by only $3,000. In 2019, Barb successfully sued the person who caused the physical injury and collected $8,000 to reimburse her for the cost of her medical expenses. Barb was in the 22% marginal tax bracket in 2018, and in the 12% bracket in 2019.