The following information on Siemens AG's treatment of research and development is extracted from its 2018 financial statements. Siemens AG is an integrated technology company with activities in the fields of industry, energy and healthcare. The company is incorporated under the laws of Germany and reports using International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).

Research and development costs-Costs of research activities are expensed as incurred. Costs of development activities are capitalized when the recognition criteria in IAS 38 are met. Capitalized development costs are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment losses with an amortization period of generally three to ten years.

a. How does the reporting under IRFRS differ from reporting under U.S. GAAP for research and development?

b. At year-end September 30, 2018 Siemens had a gross carrying amount of Other Intangible Assets of 19.9 billion Euros and accumulated amortization and impairment related to those assets of9.8 billion Euros. Should the amounts capitalized be tested annually for impairment?