Indicate the effect of each of the following transactions on (1) the balance in the Retained Earnings and (2) the total stockholders' equity.

a Bonds are issued at a discount.

b A check is written to the Internal Revenue Service for additional income taxes levied on past years' income (no previous entry).

c A stock split is voted by the directors. The par value per share is reduced from \(\$ 200\) to \(\$ 50\) and each shareholder is given four new shares in exchange for each old share.

d The manager is voted a bonus of \(\$ 3,500\) by the directors.

e Notes payable in the face amount of \(\$ 50,000\) are paid by check.

f A dividend in preferred stock is issued to common stockholders (no previous entry).

g Securities held as a long-term investment are sold at book value.

h A building site is donated to the company by the local chamber of commerce.

i A building is sold for less than its book value.