Although research has examined factors women take into consideration when making birth control decisions, relatively few studies have looked at men. As male oral contraceptives were starting to become available, Jaccard, Hand, Ku, Richardson, and Abella (1981) conducted a study to investigate males’ concerns regarding these contraceptives. In the study, male college students were asked to rate the importance of one of three aspects in deciding whether they would use an oral contraceptive: effectiveness as a birth control device, convenience (time and effort needed to use the device), and potential risks to their own health—the higher the rating, the greater the importance. Jaccard et al. hypothesized that males would rate risks to their health as more important than either the contraceptive’s effectiveness or convenience. Imagine the following descriptive statistics are reported for the ratings of the three aspects: effectiveness (N = 9, M = 3.18, s = 1.21), convenience (N = 9, M = 3.43, s = 1.14), and health risks (N = 9, M = 4.51, s = 1.03).

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a. State the null and alternative hypotheses (Ho and H). b. Make a decision about the null hypothesis. (1) Calculate the degrees of freedom (df). (2) Set alpha (a), identify the critical value, and state a decision rule. (3) Calculate the F-ratio for the one-way ANOVA and create a summary table. (4) Make a decision whether to reject the null hypothesis. (5) Determine the level of significance. (6) Calculate a measure of effect size (R). c. Draw a conclusion from the analysis. d. Relate the result of the analysis to the research hypothesis.