For each of the research situations described in Exercises 19 to 22, draw a figure that illustrates simple effects analyses appropriate to test the study's research hypothesis.

Exercises 19

One study examined parents' use of discipline with their children (McKee et al., 2007). They asked, "Do rates of harsh verbal and physical discipline differ by gender of parent and child?" (p. 188). They wrote that "with regard to frequency of use of harsh discipline, we propose that boys will receive more harsh discipline than girls, particularly from fathers" (p. 188). To examine this hypothesis, they asked a sample of boys and girls to indicate how often their mother or father used harsh discipline with them. The frequency of harsh discipline by mothers and fathers reported by the boys and girls is summarized below:

Exercises 20

Does playing violent video games lead to greater aggressive behavior? A team of researchers believed greater amount of time playing these games leads to higher feelings of hostility (Barlett, Harris, \& Baldassaro, 2007). Furthermore, they hypothesized this increase in hostility is greater for people playing games with realistic-looking weapons rather than standard game controllers. They had groups of people play a violent video game for either 15 minutes of 30 minutes; some of these people used a standard game controller and others used a gun-shaped controller; this is a 2 (Controller: standard vs. gun) \(\times 2\) (Time: \(15 \mathrm{~min}\) vs. \(30 \mathrm{~min}\) ) design. After playing the game, their level of hostility was measured.

Exercises 21

A researcher is interested in examining how teachers' expectations of their students' scholastic abilities might affect students' self-perceptions of their own ability and whether this effect varies as a function of a student's age. She has a sample of teachers rate their students as having either low or high expectations of success; these teachers are from the first, third, and fifth grades. She then has students rate their own abilities on a scale of 1 (low) to 15 (high). She hypothesizes that students with low expectations by the teacher would display lower ratings of their own ability than students with high teacher expectations. Furthermore, she believes this difference will increase as students progress through the educational system, growing larger from first to third to fifth grade. Below are descriptive statistics of students' ratings of their ability.

Exercises 22

Concerns regarding the possibility of getting skin cancer have influenced beliefs regarding the positive benefits of getting a suntan. One study examined whether men and women have similar beliefs regarding whether a woman's suntan influences perceptions of her physical attractiveness (Banerjee, Campo, \& Greene, 2008). They showed men and women one of three photographs: a woman with no tan, a medium tan, or a dark tan; next, they rated the woman in terms of her physical attractiveness. The researchers hypothesized that, for men (but not for women), the darker a woman's tan, the more she is seen as physically attractive.

Transcribed Image Text:

Time (Factor A): Controller (Factor B): 15 min 15 min 30 min 30 min Standard Gun NAB 5 5 5 in Standard Gun 5 Mean (XAB) 10.60 13.60 16.40 25.60 Standard deviation (SAB) 3.51 3.05 2.70 3.36