Imagine you decide to conduct a study to test each of the following statements. For each one, state a null and alternative hypothesis (H₀ and H₁).

a. A survey of iPod owners conducted in 2005 estimated that the likelihood of having one’s iPod completely stop working is 13.70%.

b. The average American adult female weighs 164 pounds.

c. In 2004, the California Student Public Interest Group (CALPIRG) published a report stating college students in California spend an average of $450 a semester on textbooks.

d. One study estimated that the average college freshman owes $900 on his or her credit cards (Arano, 2006).

e. A nationwide survey of college students estimated that 50% of college students have cheated at least once.