The hypothetical study in Exercise 15 examined the effects of different learning techniques upon memory. Given the hypothesis is that people learn better when training is distributed over time rather than massed all at once, conduct an analytical comparison testing the difference in comprehension test scores for the 0 -minute versus 10 -minute conditions.

a. State the null and alternative hypotheses \(\left(\mathrm{H}_{0}\right.\) and \(\left.\mathrm{H}_{1}\right)\).

b. Make a decision about the null hypothesis.

(1) Calculate the degrees of freedom ( \(d f\) ).
(2) Set alpha ( \(\alpha\) ), identify the critical value, and state a decision rule.
(3) Calculate the \(F\)-ratio for an analytical comparison ( \(F_{\text {comp }}\) ).
(4) Make a decision whether to reject the null hypothesis.
(5) Determine the level of significance.
(6) Calculate a measure of effect size ( \(R_{\text {comp }}^{2}\) ).

c. Draw a conclusion from the analysis.

d. Relate the result of the analysis to the research hypothesis.