=+Problem 3.11 It will be shown in Chapter 7 that the simplest integration scheme with adequate stability and accuracy properties to time integrate a first-order differential equation ẋ = f(x, t) is the trapezoidal rule:

ẋ n+1 + ẋ n 2 = xn+1 − xn

????t (P3.11.a)

where ????t is the time step size.