Using the appropriate tax tables or tax rate schedules, determine the tax liability for tax year 2019 in each of the following instances. In each case, assume the taxpayer can take only the standard deduction.

a. A single taxpayer with AGI of $23,493 and one dependent.

b. A single taxpayer with AGI of $169,783 and no dependents.

c. A married couple filing jointly with AGI of $39,945 and two dependents.

d. A married couple filing jointly with AGI of $162,288 and three dependents.

e. A married couple filing jointly with AGI of $301,947 and one dependent.

f. A taxpayer filing married filing separately with AGI of $68,996 and one dependent.

g. A qualifying widow, age 66, with AGI of $49,240 and one dependent.

h. A head of household with AGI of $14,392 and two dependents.

i. A head of household with AGI of $59,226 and one dependent.