In each of the following situations, indicate whether the physician’s discriminatory action is taste-based or statistical.

a. An American physician detests interacting with French people, so she always gives French patients quicker examinations than she gives Americans.

b. A physician believes that Hispanic patients are less likely to follow through with an expensive therapeutic regimen that leads to major side effects, so he never prescribes it for them.

c. A surgeon has heard that it is very difficult for black patients to find bio-compatible matches on the kidney donor waitlist. As a result, he is more aggressive in trying to save a black patient’s kidneys than a white patient’s kidneys.

d. A hospitalist believes that the nurses at her hospital routinely discriminate against Asian patients due to subconscious racism. She always spends a little more time ensuring that her Asian patients are receiving the right medication.