A small surface of area A = 1 cm 2 is subjected to incident radiation of constant

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A small surface of area A = 1 cm2 is subjected to incident radiation of constant intensity Ii = 2.2 × 104 W/m2 · sr over the entire hemisphere. Determine the rate at which radiation energy is incident on the surface through

(a) 0 ≤ θ ≤ 45°

(b) 45 ≤ θ ≤ 90°, where θ is the angle a radiation beam makes with the normal of the surface.

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