Donaldson Corporation is a manufacturer of computer accessories. It uses absorption costing based on standard costs and reports the following data for 2017:

There are no price, spending, or efficiency variances. Actual operating costs equal budgeted operating costs. The production-volume variance is written off to cost of goods sold. For each choice of denominator level, the budgeted production cost per unit is also the cost per unit of beginning inventory.
1. What is the production-volume variance in 2017 when the denominator level is 

(a) theoretical capacity,

(b) practical capacity, and 

(c) normal capacity utilization?
2. Prepare absorption costing-based income statements for Donaldson Corporation using theoretical capacity,practical capacity, and normal capacity utilization as the denominator levels.
3. Why is the operating income under normal capacity utilization lower than the other two scenarios?
4. Reconcile the difference in operating income based on theoretical capacity and practical capacity with the difference in fixed manufacturing overhead included in inventory.

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Home Insert Page Layout Formulas Data Review A B C 1 Theoretical capacity 2 Practical capacity 3 Normal capacity utilization 4 Selling price 275,000 units 265,000 units 233,200 units $ 39 per unit 5 Beginning inventory 35,000 units 6 Production 235,000 units 7 Sales volume 250,000 units 8 Variable budgeted manufacturing cost $ 8 per unit 9 Total budgeted fixed manufacturing costs $2,915,000 10 Total budgeted operating (nonmanuf.) costs (all fixed) $ 200,000||