Variable costs and fixed costs. Consolidated Minerals (CM) owns the rights to extract minerals from beach sands on Fraser Island. CM has costs in three areas:

a. Payment to a mining subcontractor who charges $96 per tonne of beach sand mined and returned to the beach (after being processed on the mainland to extract three minerals:

ilmenite, rutile, and zircon).

b. Payment of a government mining and environmental tax of $60 per tonne of beach sand mined.

c. Payment to a barge operator. This operator charges $180,000 per month to transport batches of beach sand—up to 100 tonnes per batch per day to the mainland and then return to Fraser Island (i.e., 0-100 tonnes per day = $180,000 per month; 101-200 tonnes = $360,000, and so on). Each barge operates 25 days per month. The $180,000 monthly charge must be paid even if fewer than 100 tonnes are transported on any day and even if Consolidated Minerals requires fewer than 25 days of barge transportation in that month.

CM is currently mining 180 tonnes of beach sand per day for 25 days per month.

Required 1. What is the variable cost per tonne of beach sand mined? What is the fixed cost per month?

2. Plot one graph ofthe variable costs and another graph ofthe fixed costs ofCM.Your plots should be similar to Exhibits 2-3 and 2-4

(pp. 35 and 37). Is the concept ofrel¬

evant range applicable to your plots?

3. What is the unit cost per tonne of beach sand mined

(a) if 180 tonnes are mined each day and

(b) if 220 tonnes are mined each day? Explain the difference in the unit-cost figures.