This question asks you to compute valuation effects for the United States in 2018, using the same methods mentioned in the chapter. Use the bea.gov website to collect the data needed for this question: look under the “International” heading.

Visit the BEA’s balance of payments data page and obtain the U.S. balance of payments for 2018 in billions of dollars. Be sure to get the correct year, and annual data, not quarterly.

Visit the BEA’s net international investment position data page and obtain the U.S. net international investment position for end 2017 to end 2018.

a. What was the U.S. current account for 2018?

b. What was the U.S. financial account for 2018?

c. What was the U.S. change in external wealth for 2018?

d. What was the U.S. total valuation effect for 2018?

e. Does the answer to part (c) equal the answer to part (b) plus the answer to part (d)? Why?

f. What do the BEA data indicate was the U.S. valuation effect due to exchange rate changes for 2018?