Psychologists investigated whether praising a child€™s intelligence, rather than praising his/her effort, tends to have negative consequences such as undermining their motivation (Mueller and Dweck, 1998). Children participating in the study were given a set of problems to solve. After the first set of problems, half of the children were randomly assigned to be praised for their intelligence, while the other half was praised for their effort. Th e children were then given another set of problems to solve and later told how many they got right. They were then asked to write a report about the problems for other children to read, including information about how many they got right. Some of the children misrepresented (i.e., lied about) how many they got right, as shown in the table below. Researchers were interested in learning whether there was a difference in the proportion of children who lied depending on how they were praised.

a. Identify the explanatory and response variables in this study.
b. For each group, determine the proportion who lied and identify them with appropriate symbols.

c. Describe how you could use index cards to conduct a simulation analysis for determining whether the difference between these proportions is statistically significant.
Include the following information in your description:

i. How many cards you would use
ii. How many would be marked how
iii. How many you would deal out
iv. Which kinds of cards you would count
v. What you would compare the results to after you conducted a large number of repetitions
d. Use the appropriate applet to conduct a simulation with 1,000 repetitions. Sketch the resulting histogram, labeling the axes appropriately, and report the p-value from the applet.
e. Provide a complete, detailed interpretation (in one or two sentences) of what this p-value means in this context (i.e., probability of what, assuming what?)
f. Summarize your conclusion about whether the data provide evidence that praising a child€™s intelligence leads to more negative consequences than praising his/her effort.
Be sure to address the issue of causation as well as the issue of significance.

Transcribed Image Text:

Praised for Total for effort Praised intelligence Misrepresented 4 their score (lied) Did not misrepresent (did not lie) Total 11 15 26 18 44 29 59 4.