At a classroom holiday party, there is a slight shortage of lemonade, so that three people will not have any if everyone at the front of the line fills their cups. 

a. One parent tells students to fill their glasses only two-thirds, so that everyone can have some lemonade. Under what notion(s) of fairness is this a fair outcome? 

b. A student at the front of the line says that everyone had the same chance to line up, and therefore, those who were goofing around and ended up at the back of the line should lose out and have tap water instead. Under what notion(s) of fairness is this a fair outcome? 

c. What do you think a utilitarian would do?