Trefis, a financial forecasting company, performed a five forces analysis on Under Armour, an American active apparel company, and identified each of the following as a threat to Under Armour’s future profitability. Determine which of the five forces applies to each threat.

a. Under Armour products are made by many different manufacturers located in multiple countries. 

b. The sports-apparel market requires a significant investment in capital costs for branding, advertising, and creating product demand. 

c. Under Armour sells much of its product to large retailers such as Dick’s Sporting Goods or Macy’s, which then sell to end consumers. These large retailers also purchase from Nike and other sports apparel companies. 

d. Brands such as Nike and Adidas also sell athletic footwear and apparel.