For the random variable X, we know that P(X = 1) = 1∕2, P(X = 2) = 1∕4, P(X = 4) = 3∕16, P(X = 8) = 1∕16.

Then an upper bound for the probability P(X ≥ 4) from Markov’s inequality is

(a) 9∕8 (b)1∕2 (c)3∕4

(d) 11∕16

(e) 9∕16