★10. 1 It has been widely acknowledged that the quality of undergraduate education in this country is diminishing. 2 An oft en unrecognized cause of this malady is the exploitative way that universities as employers treat their parttime and temporary faculty members. 3 In many universities there are no formal guidelines for evaluating the work of these instructors. As a result, 4 .

poor instructors who solicit the favor of the department chairman are oft en retained over better ones who do not. 5 Another factor is the low pay given to these instructors. 6 In order to survive, many of them must accept heavy teaching loads spread out over three or four institutions. 7 Th e quality of instruction can only suff er when faculty members stretch themselves so thin.

Lastly, because 8 part-time and temporary faculty are rarely members of the faculty senate, 9 they have no voice in university governance. But 10 without a voice, the shoddy conditions under which they work are never brought to light. The following arguments gradually increase in difficulty. Use the method presented in this section to construct argument patterns. If a statement is redundant or plays no role in the argument, do not include it in the pattern.