How will the following actions affect the money supply? 

a. A reduction in the discount rate 

b. An increase in the reserve requirements 

c. Purchase by the Fed of $100 million in U.S. securities from a commercial bank 

d. Sale by the U.S. Treasury of $100 million in newly issued bonds to a commercial bank 

e. An increase in the discount rate 

f. Sale by the Fed of $200 million in U.S. securities to a private investor.