In what direction will each of the following occurrences shift the consumption and saving schedules, other things equal?

a. A large decrease in real estate values, including private homes.

b. A sharp, sustained increase in stock prices.

c. A 5-year increase in the minimum age for collecting Social Security benefits.

d. An economy-wide expectation that a recession is over and that a robust expansion will occur.

e. A substantial increase in household borrowing to finance auto purchases.