=+6.

(a) Participation in budget-setting both improves subsequent performance and avoids the problems of biased and manipulated information. Do you agree?

(b) Nine independent operating units have the following expections of output and its variability during the coming year:

Unit Expected output Standard deviation A 500 100 B 600 110 C 700 120 D 800 130 E 900 140 F 1000 150 G 1100 160 H 1200 170 k 1300 180