Budgeting: motivational issues Nate Young is the dean of a business school. LO 4, 7, 8 The university is under strong financial pressures, and the university president has asked all the deans to cut costs. Nate is wondering how he should re¬ spond to this request.

The university receives its operating funds from three sources: (1) tuition (60%), (2) government grants (25%), and (3) gifts and endowment income (15%). The money flows into the university's general operating fund. A man¬ agement committee consisting of the university president, the three vice presi¬ dents, and the nine deans allocates funds to the individual schools. The university's charter requires that it operate with a balanced budget.

The initial allocation of funds reflects (1) capacity-related costs that can¬ not be avoided, primarily the employment costs of tenured faculty and (2) capacity-related costs relating to support items, such as staff, building mainte¬ nance, and other operations costs. The balance of funds is allocated to discre¬ tionary activities, such as scholarships, program changes or additions, and sports.

The various deans compare their respective funding levels. The basis of comparison is to divide total university expenditures by the number of full¬ time students to get an average cost per student. Then the average cost per stu¬ dent is multiplied by the number of full-time students to get the target funding for each school. On average, the actual funding for the business school has been about 70% of the target funding, which is the second lowest in the uni¬ versity. (The lowest is the arts school.)

Because of the rapid growth of capacity-related and administrative costs, the amount of funds allocated to discretionary activities has been declining from a historic level of about 10%. This year, the projected revenues will not even cover the projected capacity-related costs. In response to this develop¬ ment, the president has called on all deans to "do your best to reduce the level of expenditures."

The president's request has been met with skepticism by many deans, who are notorious for digging in their heels, ignoring requests for spending cuts, and then being bailed out by funds released from other activities or raised to meet the budget shortfall. Many deans believe that the departments that sacrificed and reduced their budgets would only create funds that would be used by the university to support other schools that had made little or no effort to reduce their budgets. Then these schools would be asked to make even more cuts to make up for the lack of cuts in schools that made little progress in cost reduction. On the other hand, the deans also believe that if there were no reaction to the president's initial request for cost reductions ar¬ bitrary cutbacks would be imposed on the individual schools.

In response to this situation, Nate is wondering what to do. He knows that by increasing class sizes slightly, using some part-time instructors, and elimi¬ nating some optional courses that seldom attract many students, he can trim about $800,000 from his operating budget of $11,000,000. However, making these changes would create hardships for both the students and faculty in the business school and, given the historic relationship of the school's average funding to its target funding, Nate is wondering whether the business school should be asked to make additional sacrifices.

Nate knows that he has several alternatives:

■ Do nothing, arguing that the business school is already cost effective rela¬ tive to others and it is time for others to reduce their cost structures.

■ Make the cuts that he has identified but stretch them out over a number of years and stop making them if other schools are not doing their share in cutting costs.

■ Make the cuts unilaterally and advise the administration that the business school budget can be reduced by about $800,000.

Explain what you would do if you were Nate and why. Your explana¬ tions should include your analysis of the motivation of all schools to cut costs in an environment that traditionally has taken advantage of those that cooperate.

LO 3, 6, 7