What are the structural causes of non-programmed decisions?

Categorize the following as programmed or non-programmed decision takers, making your assumptions clear:

(a) the local manager of a franchized fast-food restaurant.

(b) the manager in charge of research and development in a large, decentralized company.

(c) the manager in charge of the cold mill division, the last process in a steelmaking company.

(d) the manager in charge of a division manufacturing and selling microcomputers.

(e) the head of the accounting department within a large university.

(f) the bar steward of a rugby club who is concerned about the number of helpers to employ on a regular basis.