Advanced: Aspiration levels Individual performance measurement is likely to be related to the aspiration level of the individual and the timing and level of the target set.

Discuss the above statement in the context of each of Tables 1 and 2. The tables provide illustra¬ tions expressed in terms of output, of the results of two separate studies linking targets, aspiration levels and achievement.

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Table 1 Actual achievement (units) Aspiration Aspiration level level set by set by individual individual before after Target knowing knowing Target Units target target Average Implicit not quoted 53 57 55 Explicit: low 35 45 44 44.5 Explicit medium 50 54 54 54 Explicit: high 70 40 60 50 Table 2 Aspiration level of individual (where target Actual Target is known) (units) (units) achieved (units) 110 220 70 90 80 80 90 90 100 100