A horoscope on Astrology.com stated: “A big improvement is in the works, one that you may know nothing about, and today is the day for the big unveiling.” A job-seeking recent college graduate might spot some new listings for interesting positions and decide the horoscope was right. If you look for an association, you’re likely to find it. Yet, over and over again, careful researchers have failed to find evidence to support the accuracy of astrology (e.g., Dean & Kelly, 2003).

a. Explain to the college graduate how confirmation bias guides his logic in deciding the horoscope was right. 

b. If Dean and Kelly and other researchers were wrong, what kind of error would they have made? 

c. Explain why replication (that is, “over and over again”) means that this finding is not likely to be an error.