Present Value of After-Tax Cash Flows; Independent Situations. Determine the present value of the after-tax cash flows in each of the situations below. The tax rate is 40 percent in all cases. Use parentheses to indicate when your answer is a cash outflow.

a. $6,000 loss on disposal of an asset sold today at 12 percent.

b. $3,000 gain expected on an asset to be sold at the end of three years at 8 percent.

c. Third-year depreciation on an asset that costs $12,000 and is being depreciated using the straight-line method over ten years at 12 percent.

d. First-year depreciation for MACRS five-year property that costs $80,000 at 22 percent.

e. Tax deductible cash outflows of $5,000 per year for seven years at 12 percent.

f. Tax deductible cash outflows of $7,000 at the end of six years at 10 percent. g. Cost savings of $10,000 per year for twelve years at 14 percent.