The budgeting culture influences the success of a company's budgeting efforts.

a. Budget revisions may become necessary if assumptions made during the budgeting process later are found to be incorrect.

b. Studies have shown that the process of observing and measuring behavior can influence behavior.

c. Participation in the budgeting process often leads to budget acceptance.

d. Budgetary slack is padding built into a budget in case cost and revenue targets are not met.

e. Strict use of budgets can cause undesirable behavior as managers make short-term decisions that may have negative long-term effects.