Imagine that a university professor is interested in the effects of a new instructional method on the math performance of first-year university students. All students take a math pretest and then are randomly assigned to a class in which the new instructional method is used or a class in which the old method is used. At the end of the semester, the professor gives all students the same final exam and has all students complete a national standardized test that assesses math ability.

a. What is the independent variable and what are its levels?

b. Which scale variable could the professor use as a covariate in the statistical analysis of this study?

c. What are the dependent variables assessed by the professor?

d. Which type of ANOVA could be used to analyze the results of this study?