The long bolt passes through the 30-mm-thick plate. If the force in the bolt shank is 8 kN, determine the average normal stress in the shank, the average shear stress along the cylindrical area of the plate defined by the section lines a€“a, and the average shear stress in the bolt head along the cylindrical area defined by the section lines b€“b.

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8 mm a 7 mm 8 kN 18 mm 30 mm