All citizens of the European Union are entitled to equal treatment in employment and training irrespective of racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, sexual orientation, gender, disability, or age. A 2010 OECD study of low-income workers found that signals such as old age and immigrant status were less important as they were overrepresented among applicants for low-skill positions (Bonoli and Hinrichs, 2010). More important was the way in which an applicant first makes contact with a prospective employer. Specifically, unsolicited applications and recommendations from already employed workers were seen to be positive, while referrals from a public employment office were associated with lower motivation. How does this hiring behavior differ from statistical discrimination by employers? Discuss the equity and efficiency implications of this practice.