A paper in the Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (Vol. 59, 1990) describes an experiment to determine the effect of air voids on percentage retained strength of asphalt. For purposes of the experiment, air voids are controlled at three levels: low (2–4%), medium (4–6%), and high (6–8%). The data are shown in the following table.

(a) Do the different levels of air voids significantly affect mean retained strength? Use 0.01.

(b) Find the P-value for the F-statistic in part (a).

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Air Voids Retained Strength (%) Low 106 90 103 90 79 88 92 95 Medium 80 69 94 91 70 83 87 83 High 78 80 62 69 76 85 69 85