Explain the pitfalls in the following statements.

a. Whenever Jeremy decides to wash his car, the next day it usually rain. Since Jeremy’s town is suffering from a severe drought, he decided to wash his car and, just as he expected, the next day the thunderstorms rolled in. Obviously it rained because Jeremy washed his car.

b. The principal of Hamilton High School found that requiring those students who were failing algebra to attend an afterschool tutoring program resulted in a 30 percent average increase in their algebra grades. Based on this success, the principal decided to hire more tutors and require that all students must attend after-school tutoring, so everyone’s algebra grades would improve.

c. People who drive hybrid automobiles recycle their trash more than people who do not drive hybrids. Therefore, recycling trash causes people to drive hybrid automobiles.