Navarro’s Intra-Company Hedging. Navarro was a U.S.-based multinational company that manufactured and distributed specialty materials for soundproofing construction. It had recently established a new European subsidiary in Barcelona, Spain, and was now in the process of establishing operating rules for transactions between the U.S. parent company and the Barcelona subsidiary. Ignacio Lopez was International Treasurer for Navarro, and was leading the effort at establishing commercial policies for the new subsidiary.

Navarro’s first shipment of product to Spain was upcoming. The first shipment would carry an intracompany invoice amount of $500,000. The company was now trying to decide whether to invoice the Spanish subsidiary in U.S. dollars or European euros, and in turn, whether the resulting transaction exposure should be hedged. Ignacio’s idea was to take a recent historical period of exchange rate quotes and movements and simulate the invoicing and hedging alternatives available to Navarro to try to characterize the choices.

Ignacio looked at the 90-day period that had ended the previous Friday (standard intracompany payment terms for transcontinental transactions was 90 days). The quarter had opened with a spot rate of $1.0640/€, with the 90-day forward rate quoted at

$1.0615/€ the same day. The quarter had closed with a spot rate of $1.0980/€.

a. Which unit would have suffered the gain (loss)
on currency exchange if intracompany sales were invoiced in U.S. dollars ($), assuming both completely unhedged and fully hedged?

b. Which unit would have suffered the gain (loss)
on currency exchange if intracompany sales were invoiced in euros (€), assuming both completely unhedged and fully hedged?