Which of the following are likely to be symptoms of the bullwhip effect in a supply chain comprised of consumers, a retailer, a wholesaler, and a factory? 

I. Variability of orders from the retailer to the wholesaler is higher than variability of orders from the wholesaler to the factory. 

II. Variability of orders from the wholesaler to the factory is lower than the variability in consumer demand to the retailer. 

III. Variability in consumer demand is lower than the variability of orders from the retailer to the wholesaler. 

a. I only 

b. II only 

c. III only 

d. I and II but not III 

e. I and III but not II 

f. II and III but not I 

g. I, II, and III