18. Let us go back to Circular File’s market value balance sheet:

Net working capital $20 $25 Bonds outstanding Fixed assets 10 5 Common stock Total assets $30 $30 Total value Who gains and who loses from the following maneuvers?

a. Circular scrapes up $5 in cash and pays a cash dividend.

b. Circular halts operations, sells its fixed assets, and converts net working capital into $20 cash. Unfortunately the fixed assets fetch only $6 on the secondhand market. The $26 cash is invested in Treasury bills.

c. Circular encounters an acceptable investment opportunity, NPV 0, requiring an investment of $10. The firm borrows to finance the project. The new debt has the same security, seniority, etc., as the old.

d. Suppose that the new project has NPV $2 and is financed by an issue of preferred stock.

e. The lenders agree to extend the maturity of their loan from one year to two in order to give Circular a chance to recover.