The following are situations in which auditors may find themselves.

Situations: 

1. Spencer is the partner in charge of the audit of Flip Company. He has half in- terest in a joint venture with Flip's CFO.

2. Victoria is the senior in charge of the audit of Holder Company. During the past year, she filled in for the chief accountant who had emergency surgery and was out for six weeks.

3. Brandon has been asked by an audit client to represent the client in negotiations with the management of another company that the client wants to acquire.

Required 

For each of the situations, indicate whether the situation appears to violate the SEC's independence principles. Explain your answer.