Now, conceptualize the output or end-item of the project as a system. Again, focus on the elements, relationships, attributes, subsystems, environment, and so on. All projects, whether directed at making a physical product (e.g., computer, space station, skyscraper, research report) or a conceptual product (e.g., providing a service or giving consultation and advice), are devoted to producing systems.

This exercise will help the reader better understand what the project is doing. It is also good preparation for the topics of the next chapter.